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August 11, 2025 | Wits PHR and ImpactNexus

Climate change is one of the greatest public health emergencies of our time, threatening lives and livelihoods and jeopardising global progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.

Rising temperatures, changing patterns of rainfall, and more extreme weather events are driving heat‑related morbidity and mortality, malnutrition, infectious‑disease outbreaks, and contributing to mental health burdens. The Lancet Countdown¹, a global monitoring report, estimates Climate Change has already resulted in 151 million additional people experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity due to heat and drought. Additionally, on average, people are experiencing 50 more days annually, where heat is posing a risk to their health. A recent report by the World Economic Forum estimates that by 2050, there will be an additional 14.5 million deaths and $12.5 trillion in economic losses, worldwide due to Climate Change–likely an underestimate.² Vulnerable populations, including pregnant women, infants, outdoor workers, and socio‑economically marginalised communities, bear the heaviest burden. Global estimates often fail to quantify the inequitable burden of the health impacts of Climate Change, but reports consistently highlight the vulnerability of countries and communities in the Global South.³ Indeed, this vulnerability is both personal and systemic, with individuals and systems still reeling from compounded socioeconomic and health threats.

CC BY-NC 2.0: UN Photo Marco Dormino

Impacts in the Real World

Climate Change is no longer a distant threat, it is already having profound impacts on the lives and livelihoods of communities across Africa and around the world, highlighted most acutely by recent extreme weather events such as record-breaking cyclones in Southern Africa , and heatwaves in North Africa and the Mediterranean . These events are not only limited to direct impacts on people, but are also impacting critical systems for health, damaging infrastructure, and upending supply chains. These impacts deepen existing social and health inequalities, particularly in the Global South, where adaptation capacity is often most limited.

Although there is a growing awareness and commitments through national adaptation plans, many countries lack the comprehensive, scalable, and sustainable systems needed to anticipate and respond to climate‑driven health emergencies. Common pitfalls mirror those seen in the response to the COVID pandemic and other public health emergencies. These include a lack of coordinated intersectoral and international action, resource-constrained health and allied departments, and poorly-informed and empowered communities.

Despite some promising progress towards concrete action, exemplified through case studies in the ATACH community , there is still a dangerous gap between research and policy implementation. This leads to fragmented responses, delayed action, and avoidable loss of life.

With support from their funders and partners, Wits Planetary Health Research (Wits PHR) and ImpactNexus are supporting the development of an integrated public‑health approach to this public health emergency, centred on three pillars: care and support, prevention, and monitoring. We hope to safeguard health today, build climate resilience for tomorrow and prevent Climate Change in the future.

An Integrated Public‑Health Response

Understanding, preventing and responding to public health emergencies is the remit of the public health sector, having successfully faced many emergencies in the past. We present a public-health approach to Climate Change, focusing on three mutually reinforcing priorities:

1. Care and Support for Affected Populations

Current approaches to responding to the climate emergency often fail to protect those most at risk. Climate Change considerations are insufficiently embedded into existing public health programmes. We need to develop and finance national programmes for care and support, with special consideration for those most-affected, and those least able to adapt.

These systems must:

  • Enable near real-time risk assessment to inform early warnings and targeted responses;
  • Support the development of climate-informed health system strengthening, taking into account the compounding impacts of Climate Change on existing burden of disease;
  • Coordinate across sectors such as health, transport, energy, and finance;
  • Incorporate local and traditional knowledge to ensure culturally appropriate responses.

CC BY-NC 2.0: UN Photo Marco Dormino

2. Prevention Through Emissions Reduction and Climate‑Smart Policies

The health sector is uniquely positioned to tackle the root causes of Climate Change. This means embedding health considerations into all climate relevant policies — from urban design and energy to agriculture and industry.

Countries should:

  • Commit to emission reduction strategies within the health sector;
  • Advocate for cross-sector policies that reduce emissions and improve health as a co-benefit;
  • Promote transfer and access to low-carbon technologies in the Global South;
  • Develop innovative financing mechanisms, such as health-focused climate bonds or taxes linked to health harms, with revenues directed to health-protective adaptation or mitigation measures.

CC BY SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons: Mohammad Fares

3. Monitoring and Accountability

Timely, integrated data is essential for effective action. Many surveillance systems operate in silos, failing to capture the full health impact of extreme weather events and other climate hazards. An effective approach requires:

  • Interoperable platforms that integrate climate, socioeconomic and health data;
  • Standardised climate health indicators to track and compare outcomes;
  • Capacity building for data analysis and technology transfer across sectors and borders;
  • Explicit inclusion of most-affected populations in monitoring frameworks.

Such systems should be scalable, sustainable, and designed for regional and global coordination, as with all public health responses.

Climate Change is already reversing hard‑won health gains. By embedding care and support, prevention, and monitoring into existing health system mechanisms, we can save lives and livelihoods now, and strengthen resilience for the future.

Wits PHR and ImpactNexus are committed to translating climate‑health science into concrete policy action—ensuring every community, especially those most affected, are prepared to thrive in a warming world. As part of this commitment, Wits PHR and ImpactNexus are also supporting the Government of South Africa in its 2025 G20 Presidency to accelerate the deployment of integrated climate–health early warning systems and preparedness plans. This work is helping translate global commitments into concrete national and regional action, ensuring that vulnerable communities are better protected from the health impacts of extreme weather and other climate hazards. We hope that governments, multilateral institutions, financing agencies, the private sector, researchers, affected communities and other key stakeholders will join us in advancing a new era, by adopting a public health approach in the fight against Climate Change.

References

¹ Romanello M, Di Napoli C, Drummond P, et al. (2024) The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action. The Lancet.; 404(10374):1837–1900. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01822-1

² World Economic Forum & Oliver Wyman. (2024). Quantifying the impact of climate change on human health. World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Quantifying_the_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_Human_Health_2024.pdf

³ Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report.Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-34, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001

World Weather Attribution. (2022, April 11). Climate change increased rainfall associated with tropical cyclones hitting highly vulnerable communities in Madagascar, Mozambique & Malawi. Retrieved from https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-increased-rainfall-associated-with-tropical-cyclones-hitting-highly-vulnerable-communities-in-madagascar-mozambique-malawi/

World Weather Attribution. (2024, July 31). Deadly Mediterranean heatwave would not have occurred without human-induced climate change. Retrieved from https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/deadly-mediterranean-heatwave-would-not-have-occurred-without-human-induced-climate-change/

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